[1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. He simply and quietly disappeared. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Omissions? from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. (present perfect, tell). The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Encyclopedia.com. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. 22 Feb. 2023
. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Corrections? Szczepanski, Kallie. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. . "[5] Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. And so the war was waged. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644).
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