Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. WebExamples of Socialization 1. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. Not all school violence is overt. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. No Way! This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. 9. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Want to create or adapt books like this? Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Give examples of how each works. 2. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. 5. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. Tom Lee. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. Socialized Delinquency. As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship Alberta Education. Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? What is streaming? Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. Students may not touch other students. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. The government also funds other programs that provide Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. How are schools teaching morality? Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives.
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