which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). d. humanistic. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. How so? There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. b. transference. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. You are doing your best. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. 2.3.1.4. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. 2.3.2.1. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. b. behavior-focused therapists. There are two main ways they can present themselves. 141. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . a. c. neurons. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. Postconditioning. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. c. unconditional positive regard. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. c. client-centered b. ego. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. Hormonal imbalances. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. c. feminist therapy. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Hmm. b. laissez-faire parenting style. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. 2.3.4. 112. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. This is a physical aspect of what disease? Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. d. propositions. See Figure 2.1 below. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Dealing with anxiety. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. In this case, extinction continues. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. b. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. 75. More on that over the next two sections. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. 134. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. a. modeling. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. This thought is an example of: a. depression. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. I know my grandmother used to. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. Genetic issues and explanations. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? a. catharsis. 99. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. 86. 117. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. 49. Neurotransmitters. Over time I learned that attention was good. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? d. existential, 125. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. 30. Bertha (Anna O.) Evaluating the cognitive model. b. 43. 78. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. b. neurotransmitters. c. double-blind studies. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. How so? Maladaptive cognitions. d. bipolar disorder. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Which is an example of latent content? A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. 166. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. b. delusional thinking. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. 17. a. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 47. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. a. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. 149. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. d. existential. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? d. latent content. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. 37. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. c. gestalt therapy. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. Solved model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the - Chegg c. existential. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? 157. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). d. behavioral. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. See Figure 2.4 below. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. 57. 95. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them.

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